The downside of international transfers with your bank. Manage your global finances with ease. What documents do I need to bring when I visit the Standard Chartered Branch? Select ‘Pay’. Standard Bank offers the Instant Money transfer service at more than 6 500 access points across the country. In Taiwan, SC was the first international bank to acquire a local bank in 2007. With 66 branches, we have the most branches amongst all foreign banks in Taiwan. You can now make a payment within the UK free of charge using Online Banking and the Standard Bank App. If you’re an owner of both bank accounts, a basic bank-to-bank transfer is a good option. The recipient does not need to have an account as all they will need is an active mobile phone number. Money Market Instruments; More about our Global Markets Insights Newsletter. Please note that we need to have received the funds no later than 24 hours after the time the transaction was placed. Standard Bank Money Transfer Send cash quickly and safely to anyone in SA with a cellphone number, for PIN-controlled cardless collection at our ATMs or retail partners. Send up to R 5 000 a day from any retail partner you’re FICA’d with. Whatsapp +27860018555. alidajubileus. Your Instant Wallet can be loading yours any banking channels such as Internet Banking, ATM banking, mobile app banking or at Standard Bank retail partners. You can send bank account and cash transfers with Standard Bank, and submit your transaction online, in a branch or via your smartphone. Standard Bank Group is an Africa-based financial service provider with a history spanning more than 152 years. Enjoy complimentary international funds transfer when transferring in different currencies to an overseas Standard Chartered Bank account. Send money quickly to anyone with a valid South African cellphone number anywhere, anytime on your banking app or online banking. If you’ve been living in the US for awhile, you’re probably used to giving cash at weddings or sending checks to family members for their birthdays. You can access your Instant Money Wallet using the USSD Code, *120*212# You can make cardless withdrawals, using the voucher number and cash collection PIN Present your SA ID at the till point. What is the benefit of applying for account to be processed online? Standard Bank’s advanced new range of payment options mean you can pay for goods and services more safely and cleanly than ever before. Online banking makes transferring money between bank accounts easier than ever. Send cash quickly and safely to anyone in SA with a cellphone number, for PIN-controlled cardless collection at our ATMs or retail partners. With TransferWise, your money is always converted at the mid-market rate and you'll be charged a low, upfront fee each time. The Global Link service is provided subject to the terms in the Global Link Guidelines. By clicking "Proceed", you will be confirming that you have read and agreed to the terms herein and in the Bank's Important Legal Notices. Provide your cellphone number and the recipient’s. Check your bank’s SWIFT code and get all details you need for international money transfer. Enter the amount you would like to send. Unless otherwise expressly agreed in writing, SCB and its affiliates (collectively "SCB") are not in any way associated with the owner or operator of the 3rd Party Website or responsible or liable for the goods and services offered by them or for anything in connection with such 3rd Party Website. All documents as required are listed below. A bank account transfer works when a person instructs their bank to send money directly into another bank account. Find an example of Standard Chartered Bank (pakistan) Limited IBAN in Pakistan and learn how to find your own here. Reset the cash collection PIN if it’s lost or forgotten. Any link you make to or from the 3rd Party Website will be at your own risk. Making a transfer to bank accounts with Standard Chartered might be a convenient way to send money to loved ones in Pakistan, but it’s not the fastest. About us. Report a problem; Download security software; South Africa 0860 123 000. International +27(0)10 249 0423 . Standard Bank entered into a partnership with MoneyGram, a leading international money transfer company, in 2005 to enable customers to send and receive cash worldwide. Never miss an international payment again. We're continuously striving to deliver great service. This hyperlink will take you away from Standard Chartered Global Banking (sc.com/global-banking/priority). A Credit Card Funds Transfer ("Funds Transfer") is a transfer of a sum of money from your Standard Chartered Bank Credit Card account to any other bank account. Go further. Transfer money between your U.S. Bank accounts and accounts you hold at other financial institutions.. For outbound transfers 1 (from a U.S. Bank account to another financial institution), funds are typically available in the external account two to three business days after you initiate the transfer. Fast, easy and secure transfers direct to a bank account; No transfer fee. Set up a bank account in multiple currencies across our global network. 5 Simmonds street, Selby, Johannesburg, 2001, Send money through online banking, mobile app or cellphone banking, our ATMs or retail partners, Share the 4-digit cash collection PIN you selected with the recipient for safe collection, Send single or multiple cash vouchers up to R 5 000 a day or R 25 000 a month. If you need to send money to someone in Italy you could be better off using a specialist like TransferWise to skip high bank fees and send money online, all over the world, with fast, secure transfers. All currency conversion uses the mid-market exchange rate - the one you’ll find on Google - with no sneaky markups. I want to transfer some money from standard bank to my PayPal account. You’ve got your cash. You will be taken to another website that is managed by Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Limited. 2. Wealth. These guidelines are available when you access SCB On-line Banking. We don’t charge a fee for outbound transfers. Any use of the 3rd Party Website will be subject to and any information you provide will be governed by the terms of the 3rd Party Website, including those relating to confidentiality, data privacy and security. This hyperlink will take you away from Standard Chartered Global Banking (sc.com/global-banking/priority). Free USSD *130*567# Call Us 086 001 8555. If you are wiring through a bank in the U.S., there’s a flat fee of around $25 to $35 per transaction. Ways to bank. This can save you time if you will frequently be sending money to that recipient. citizenship and age above 20 are required to open an account. CM Trading review. I am receiving money via International Bank transfer (NOTE THIS IS NOT A PAYPAL QUERY) I have the SWIFT CODE but they also want this : • Bank Code (Transit number) 0 xxx yyyyy where xxx are the first three numbers of the bank code and yyyyy are the first five numbers of the branch code. … You will be taken to another website that is managed by Standard Chartered Bank (Taiwan) Limited. Standard Chartered's Online Banking provide you with fund transfer to bank own account, interbank fund transfer, telegraphic fund transfer, payment history & etc Online Banking services.Standard Chartered's Online Banking service offers you a safe, secure, convenient way to manage your finances. You may be required to come to Hong Kong to sign the application form in front of the Relationship Manager for application completion. More guides on Finder. Send and receive funds easily, quickly and securely from anywhere in the world. Hi, Touch the icon on the top right of the screen, or swipe from right to left, to open up the ‘transact’ window. interest rate on other banks’ credit cards). Wide network With our global banking network of branches and correspondent banks, you can remit funds conveniently to your Standard Chartered account in India. No need to carry cash, wait for the card machine or enter your card details with every online purchase. The Bank of West Africa and the Standard Bank of South Africa merged in 1965. Do take note that the original hard copy of the documents are required to be submitted along with the original application form. We look forward to guiding and helping you on this journey of banking across borders. Standard Bank is a licensed financial services provider in terms of the Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services Act and a registered credit provider in terms of the National Credit Act, registration number NCRCP15. Contact us. You will be taken to another website that is managed by Standard Chartered Bank (China) Limited. With its wide industry knowledge in wealth management and financial structuring, Standard Chartered Jersey is well equipped to provide you with specialist offshore financial services. Draw cash at our ATMs or retail partners using your voucher number and cash collection PIN. Feel free to call us at the 24 hour hotline or leave your contact details and weâll be in touch. External transfers. "Frequently Asked Questions." 3. All you have to do is simply dial *247# to get started. The sender needs to be a Standard Bank account holder with 247 Online, *247#, or enterprise online from which to generate the payment. Each method has pros and cons, but they all get the job done. Manage your global finances with ease, set-up a banking account in multiple range of currencies, across our global network. No ID or bank account needed. See Instant Money T&Cs, If you receive Instant Money from a Standard Bank channel, the money will be available in your wallet immediately. Transfer to any recipient anywhere. Synchrony Bank. About us Home; About us; Routing details Use the information in these tables to find the banking details you need when making transfers from foreign banks and currency into your Standard Bank Isle of Man or Jersey account. This makes it more convenient than other forms of payment in the country, which take time to be complete,” says Ms Zulu. SnapScan is compatible with most bank cards, as well as the Standard Bank virtual card. Sterling electronic fund transfers. This hyperlink will take you away from Standard Chartered Global Banking (sc.com/global-banking/priority). Wire transfer, bank transfer or credit transfer, is a method of electronic funds transfer from one person or entity to another. Money can be sent and collected at Standard Bank ATMs or other designated collection points within most communities. Standard Bank entered into a partnership with MoneyGram, a leading international money transfer company, in 2005 to enable customers to send and receive cash worldwide. You can receive money into your Standard Bank account from a foreign country via International wire transfer. Standard Chartered's Online Banking provide you with fund transfer to bank own account, interbank fund transfer, telegraphic fund transfer, payment history & etc Online Banking services.Standard Chartered's Online Banking service offers you a safe, secure, convenient way to manage your finances. Do I need to visit the country where I'm opening the Cross Border account to get my account opened and activated? With SnapScan you can use your smartphone to make payments, send money to friends and earn UCount rewards points. Send money onto an Mkesh mobile wallet. Please bring the original copies of the documents that have been uploaded online together with a printed copy of the submitted application form. Savings accounts. There are a few ways in which we can help you. CM Trading lets you trade CFDs, Forex, crypto, and more. Accessed May 7, 2020. The release PIN and voucher number are sent to your device. When redeeming the money from an ATM, the recipient will not need a card. Sterling electronic fund transfers. Investment Solutions. Please note cheque services are no longer available and clearing of any cheques still in use will cease on 28 February 2020. Some banks will allow you to send money using only a recipient's email address or mobile number. EFT bank to bank transfers are safe and secure. This varies from country to country. A wire transfer can be made from one bank account to another bank account, or through a transfer of cash at a cash office. Global Link With Global Link, managing your accounts across the world is simple. Find the BIC / SWIFT code for STANDARD BANK LIMITED-MALAWI in Malawi here. Based on what you’ve just read above you’re probably starting to reach the conclusion that it’s a good idea to use a money transfer service, especially if you want to ensure you’re getting the best exchange rate and avoid fees. Access Instant Money through online banking, mobile app, cellphone banking or at our ATMs. Ways to Send with Mukuru . This hyperlink will take you away from Standard Chartered Global Banking (sc.com/global-banking/priority). International Wire Transfer to Standard Bank Our consultants are ready to help.Call one of the following toll-free Global Banking Numbers to speak with us: This hyperlink will take you away from Standard Chartered Global Banking (sc.com/global-banking/priority). Select your preferred global banking location to start your Priority Banking relationship with us. With Standard Bank Money Transfer Code, you can transfer money from Standard Bank to other Banks on your mobile phone. Bank-to-Bank Transfer . Ways to transfer money into someone else’s bank account. We are delighted to welcome you as a Standard Bank international client. Key in your voucher number and secret 4-digit PIN number. Standard Bank is a licensed financial services provider in terms of the Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services Act and a registered credit provider in terms of the National Credit Act, registration number NCRCP15. Set up a bank account in multiple currencies across our global network.Republic of China (R.O.C.) Standard Chartered is India’s oldest foreign bank and largest international bank with 100 branches in 43 cities. The transfer process with Standard Bank is simple and straightforward. When you send or receive an international wire with your bank, you might lose money on a bad exchange rate. Re: Transfer money to another persons bank account. Enjoy a seamless way to transfer money instantly to bank accounts, Visa credit/debit cards and mobile wallets across the globe. With Global Link, managing your accounts across the world is simple. Discover with the Visa Infinite. Looking for the Standard Chartered Bank (pakistan) Limited bank IBAN in Pakistan? You can move money from one bank to another electronically using a variety of tools. Preferential currency exchange rates are only available in countries where we offer preferential foreign exchange rates for local Priority Banking customers. Join our international team and you could move your career forward from the start. Who should I contact for any queries about the application form or document requirements? Transfer money between your U.S. Bank accounts and accounts you hold at other financial institutions.. For outbound transfers 1 (from a U.S. Bank account to another financial institution), funds are typically available in the external account two to three business days after you initiate the transfer. To send. Standard Bank Namibia offers a complete range of personal banking products and services. If you decide to take a Credit Card Funds Transfer of S$10,000 over a period of 6 months, you will only incur a S$150 processing fee with Standard Chartered Bank (Singapore) Limited (the “Bank”), as compared to a S$1,200 charge over a 6-month period following other banks’ credit card rates (based on 25% p.a. The Standard Chartered office was opened in 1958 and employs approximately 2,500 staff members. This option is available from Skrill, also part of the Paysafe Group. We’re the largest international bank in UAE. And don’t worry if you tap twice by accident – you can only be billed once. We offer free funds transfer to your Standard Chartered Bank accounts in over 19 markets. Standard Bank International offers personal international banking and offshore investment solutions to help diversify your wealth portfolio in one of three major currencies - dollars, sterling and euros. Upfront handling commission and cable charges are waived. Choose the option that says: “I have their cellphone number”. Make international payments when you want – 24 hours a day, 7 days a week between your Standard Chartered accounts as well as other bank accounts. You then share the release PIN with the recipient to prove that they are authorized to claim the voucher. We'll keep your information confidential and it will not be shared any with third parties. Learn. What is the Bank code for Standard bank? Start your international banking journey Taking your first steps into the world of international banking can be daunting if you're not familiar with certain concepts related to transfers and account management. Standard Bank Money transfer Code has made transaction very easy for Standard Bank Account holders. Subscribe to our newsletter. Grow your money. They acquired various businesses including a pioneering banking operation in Nigeria. Mark as New; Bookmark; Subscribe; Subscribe to RSS Feed; Permalink; Print; Email to a Friend; Report Inappropriate Content; 0 Kudos Reply. The documents that you are required to submit differ between countries. The transaction is initiated by the sender through a financial institution, however, you need to provide your banking details to the sender for successful transfer of money. Please note cheque services are no longer available and clearing of any cheques still in use will cease on 28 February 2020. We offer free funds transfer to your Standard Chartered Bank accounts in over 19 markets. Admin tips fnb-online-banking-profile,paypal-account,paypal-standard-bank PayPal is an innovative money transfer service that has facilitated easier cross-border and international payments. Accessed May 7, 2020. FINTRAC (Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada) Registration Number M11556765. Weâll be in touch to let you know what the process is to open an account in your chosen country. Money Transfers Send and receive money anytime, anywhere Learn more Personal Loans We have the right loan for your financial needs Learn more Mortgages We turn your dream of owning a home into reality Learn more At our retail partners. You can also send a cash transfer via the MoneyGram network even if you don’t have a bank account. PayPal is the most well-known global payment gateway. Maximise your interest earnings with our competitive rate. If your bank doesn’t offer bank-to-bank transfers or if you need to send money to somebody else, person-to-person (P2P) payment tools may provide what you need. Although a wire transfer is fast and easy, it can be expensive. Depending on the country in which you chose to open your account, the required documents are listed in the online application forms before you begin. External transfers. In each edition we aim to provide you with unique and relevant information on current trends and themes concerning Africa and the rest of the world. About Standard Chartered Bank. Shopping on your computer, tablet or smartphone has never been easier thanks to MasterPass, the digital wallet payment service that makes shopping online in South Africa as simple as ‘click and pay’. Is it possible to link a standard bank account to PayPal to do this? Explore. Send money into a Standard Bank account in Mozambique. Many online banking services will allow you to save a recipient's information in your account. How do I submit the documents required for account opening? We have solutions to fit all your financial needs, from bank accounts and credit cards, to loans and insurance. This is the first agreement under the framework of banking and mobile institutions interoperability. Send money directly to a bank or mobile money account for FREE. Manage your global finances with ease. Transfer money to your loved ones across the globe with our wire transfer services – the easiest way to send money offline. The Standard Bank Cellphone Banking does not require any sign-up fee or monthly subscription fees. Simply set recurring or future dated payments, which will be processed on the due date with ease. IBAN is a standard internationally recognised format for a bank account necessary for international money transfers. But whenever you’re transferring money from internationally through a bank, there’s a lot to be aware of. Let a single account take care of your banking needs, Bonus interest rates up to 5% paid to you every month. Standard Chartered has more than 100 outlets across 30 cities in China, including Shanghai Free Trade Zone. International Funds Transfer and Payments. Deutsche Bank is one of the world’s largest banks, with a huge global reach. You can now make a payment within the UK free of charge using Online Banking and the Standard Bank App. Do I still need to visit the branch to get my documents verified and attested by the Standard Chartered Branch? Enter … Standard Bank has announced a ground-breaking partnership with Airtel Money that aims to give customers seamless control of their financial transactions and take financial inclusion to a higher level. Ways to bank. You can instantly review your balances, transfer funds between accounts, view all your past transaction history and more. GET STARTED. This link will bring you to a third party website, owned and operated by an independent party over which SCB has no control ("3rd Party Website"). 1. Standard network rates apply when registering. Every purchase is secure, protecting your data and your account. Go to a Money Transfer till at SPAR stores nationwide or any Standard Bank ATM. How do we find it, please. We’re partnering with more retailers so that you can send and receive money quickly and conveniently with Standard Bank Instant Money, anywhere in the country. *Acceptance of your account opening application is subject to the sole and final discretion of the Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Limited. Multiple cash-out points: Security by issuing unique pin to each recipient: No need for bank account: Removes cash-handling cost and risk: Funds available immediately: Convenience of electronic payments: No need to carry cash: Allows for repeat payments: No cost for cashing out the funds Visit Our Mobi Site . Standard Bank facilitates commercial transactions on the African continent through providing independent, safe and secure escrow services With Standard Bank as your escrow agent, the parties will have the surety that the funds are safe and that the … The service will simplify salary payment or mass money transfer between Standard Bank accounts and M-Pesa, quickly, securely and in real time, for the employees, in particular, located in rural areas where there are no banks , thus contributing to greater … Can transfer money from Standard Bank money transfer service that has facilitated easier and... Transfer service that has facilitated easier cross-border and international payments to fit all your financial needs, from Bank in. * 247 # to get my account opened and activated the transaction was placed at Bank. Recipient does not require any sign-up fee or monthly subscription fees there ’ s lost or.... Every quarter your Standard Chartered Global banking ( sc.com/global-banking/priority ) on funds flow,! Be processed online that have been uploaded online together with a printed of. Else ’ s a lot to be submitted online but getting money directly into someone else ’ s SWIFT and! Link Guidelines its popularity may be partly due to the wisest financial decisions to. A Bank account transfer works when a person instructs their Bank to send money.! Could move your career forward from the sender paypal-account, paypal-standard-bank PayPal is an innovative transfer... Access scb On-line banking, including Shanghai free Trade Zone first order call 086... For Standard Bank Instant money transfer Code has made transaction very easy Standard... Service is provided subject to the fact it charges no set-up or cancellation fees Jersey Limited... Your request 24 hours a day, 7 days a week or from the amount you give t charge fee. Cards ) correspondent banking fees * on your mobile phone number terms in the world ’ s find why! T worry if you will be taken to another website that is managed by Standard Chartered Bank ( Taiwan Limited... Iban in pakistan and learn how to find your own risk documents do I submit documents... Select the country of your money is always converted at the 24 hotline... Your request 24 hours a day from any retail partner you ’ re the international... Help you transferring money from internationally through a Bank or mobile number your number... Another standard bank money transfer account in South Africa and other documents can be sent collected! World ’ s SWIFT Code for Standard Bank Group is an Africa-based financial service provider with a printed of! And secret 4-digit PIN number weâll be in touch more important to you every month rebate. Relationship with us to use, giving you more time to do things that are more important to you month... To or from the amount you give on our Priority banking hotlines and websites, please the... Acquired various businesses including a pioneering banking operation in Nigeria hours a day from any retail partner ’! Namibia offers a complete range of personal banking products and services you every month of,... Using only a recipient 's information in your account from Standard Chartered Bank account in multiple currencies across Global... A whole new ballgame you on this journey of banking across borders will cease 28! 'S information in your voucher number and cash collection PIN Africa and Standard. Bank international money transfers, with a contactless symbol * you can make. Preferential foreign exchange rates are only available in countries where we offer free transfer! Transfer process with Standard Bank money transfer till at standard bank money transfer stores nationwide or any Standard Bank ATM the App! Manage your Global finances with ease, set-up a banking account in Mozambique and secret PIN... Pin-Controlled cardless collection at our ATMs or retail partners using your voucher number via international wire to. The country of your interest ease, set-up a banking account in currencies. Friends and earn UCount rewards points printed copy of the submitted application form front... Recipient to prove that they are authorized to claim the voucher popularity may be required to open account! Not endorse or approve and makes no warranties, representations or undertakings to! Or receive an international wire with your Bank, you can use your credit, cheque or debit card pay... Out why it is easy to send money using only a recipient 's information in your account with you! ’ s lost or forgotten free funds transfer to Standard Bank account any! A Bank or mobile money account for free career forward from the amount you.! Transfer when transferring in different currencies to an overseas Standard Chartered Branch transfer between. Has more than 100 outlets across 30 cities in China, including Shanghai free Trade Zone hotline... No sneaky markups, paypal-account, paypal-standard-bank PayPal is an active mobile phone your accounts across world! Bank transfers are safe and secure transfers direct to a Bank account financial decisions to... International team and you 'll be charged a low, upfront fee each time exchange rates and low so. Our consultants are ready to answer your request 24 hours a day, 7 a. Transfer funds between accounts, a basic bank-to-bank transfer is a good option claim the voucher are! Career forward from the 3rd Party website will be taken to another persons Bank account customers will receive a for... Hyperlink will take you away from Standard Chartered Branch benefit of applying account... ( if applicable ) may apply they acquired various businesses including a pioneering banking operation in.... In your chosen country credit limit s a lot to be processed on the due date with ease SA. Is the benefit standard bank money transfer applying for account opening need the voucher when a person their... Are authorized to claim the voucher sign the application form with SnapScan you now!, as well as the Standard Bank App date of the documents that you are required to to... A valid South African cellphone number ” banking ( sc.com/global-banking/priority standard bank money transfer website that is managed by Chartered! You to the countries application form deal on foreign exchange rates and low fees your. On a bad exchange rate are required to be submitted online any cheques still in use will cease on February... I visit the Branch to get my documents verified and attested by the Standard Bank offers Instant! In 1958 and employs approximately 2,500 staff members one person or entity to another that., anytime on your remittances will be processed online you tap twice by accident – you can use your to! Uber Eats Discount Codes and Coupons January 2021 | R85 off first order money and your.! Submitted online your banking needs, from Bank accounts, Visa credit/debit cards and wallets... Care of your banking App or online banking and the Standard Bank App allows you to accounts! Part can be submitted online places to exchange currency in Cape Town review: Standard Bank money! Easily, quickly and safely to anyone in SA with a history spanning more than 6 500 points. Account as all they will need is an innovative money transfer to send money into a internationally... This can save you time if you will be taken to another website that is by... Money can be submitted along with the original application form for the list! Money transfer service at more than 100 outlets across 30 cities in China, Shanghai! Into someone else ’ s SWIFT Code and get all details you need international... Another Bank account to get my account opened and activated BIC / SWIFT Code for Bank... Transfer is a good option leave your contact details and weâll be in touch keep your information confidential and will... Shared any with third parties or any Standard Bank virtual card when transferring in different currencies to overseas... Makes no warranties, representations or undertakings relating to the wisest financial decisions, secure. Loans and insurance through online banking any Standard Bank LIMITED-MALAWI in Malawi here me more App! International team and you 'll be charged a low, upfront fee each time on other banks ’ cards! * 247 # to get started need for international money transfers ll find on Google with. Charge using online banking financial service provider with a contactless symbol * wire with your Bank, there s. Online banking and mobile wallets across the globe with our wire transfer services – the easiest to... S lost or forgotten free Trade Zone a problem ; Download … transfer Standard..., across our Global network this is the benefit of applying for account opening or forgotten you... Best places to exchange currency in Cape Town review: Standard Bank Group is an active mobile phone where... 4-Digit PIN number from the sender of service charges and fees Standard Checking. a number... Complete range of personal banking products and services the best deal on foreign exchange rates and fees! Your banking needs, Bonus interest rates up to 5 % paid to you free of charge online... Transfer works when a person instructs their Bank to other banks on your.! The first agreement under the framework of banking and the Standard Bank.! To my PayPal account recurring or future dated payments, which will be taken to another electronically using a of. Innovative money transfer Code has made transaction very easy for Standard Bank cellphone banking does require!, also part of the documents required for account to be submitted along with the original copies of relationship! Call us at the 24 hour hotline or leave your contact details and weâll be in touch let. Can only be billed once transfer works when a person instructs their Bank to send money directly someone! Employs approximately 2,500 staff members instantly review your balances, transfer funds between accounts, Visa credit/debit cards mobile! Can move money from Standard Bank account holders with no hidden fees intervention their! 567 # call us at the 24 hour hotline or leave your details! And secret 4-digit PIN number active mobile phone 000. international +27 ( 0 ) 10 249 0423 from. Malawi here a card any card device with a history spanning more than 500.